Take Two: How to Adapt a Book Into a Screenplay

Take Two: How to Adapt a Book Into a Screenplay

Bookstores are a writer’s drug. We walk the aisles, dancing our fingers over the bindings, lips quivering, wanting a fix. But we aren’t alone. Don’t be surprised if you bump into a movie producer drooling over the true crime section. With Netflix and other streaming services needing vast amounts of content, those racks of books are perfect fodder for adaptation.

Whether you are an author or a screenwriter, it’s never been more critical to learn the skill of transforming stories for the screen.

In the past, Hollywood frowned upon authors adapting their own work, but times have changed. If an author comes to the table with a script draft in hand, even a terrible one, producers will rejoice at the potential of saving development costs. Nothing excites a producer more than saving money.

But if you don’t have an existing book, have no fear; plenty line the shelves. Once you find the perfect one, you’ll need to obtain the rights.

CONTACT THE AUTHOR

Authors are surprisingly easy to contact. Their websites often link to a contact form, or you could Google the author’s agent. I’ve done both but prefer speaking with the author directly.

Since most novelists dream of having their stories on the big screen, there’s no need to bite your nails when dialing the phone.

They’ll welcome the call. Just be polite, direct, share your expertise, and don’t act like a lunatic. No one ever died from hearing the word no. As screenwriters, we’re used to rejection. Roll with it.

What if the author wants to be involved?

Typically, the author is not involved. The book belongs to them, and the adaptation belongs to you. Your job is to tell an engaging story in a visual way, and usually, the result will be markedly different from the book.

When adapting a novel, we feel pulled between pleasing the author, their loyal readers, the viewing audience, and ourselves. Get over that disease to please, pronto. You simply cannot create a product that will make everyone happy, and that isn’t your job.

I repeat: Your number-one job is to tell an amazing story. Period.

You might need to tattoo that on your forehead.

The reality is that you will slash scenes and characters, and these choices might offend readers as well as the author. But you must leave your artistic mark. Screenwriting guru Michael Hauge once told me there’s no point in writing an adaptation if your version identically mirrors the book.

Tell the story, but enhance it for the format of film.

People often claim that authors have full control of their novel, but that’s not entirely true. They cannot control the audience’s imagination. Screenwriters bring that imagination to life. Even then, directors, actors, cinematographers, and costume designers also give input.

But if the author’s original work shines, by all means honor what you can. That’s the whole point.

FIND THE STORY

Storylines that support a 400-page book cannot possibly fit into a two-hour movie. One script page equals one minute of film, requiring approximately 110 script pages for a feature film. Get your chainsaw ready and start pruning.

Cutting happens in layers. First, identify the theme and the protagonist’s outer motivation. If the subplots don’t support them, cut them, along with any minor, distracting characters. Consider merging scenes or even creating composite characters. Next, layer the outer motivation with the hero’s inner motivation. Again, if a plot point supports neither, cut it.

However, finding the inner wounds of a character is more challenging when adapting nonfiction. In fiction, we explore the hero’s wounds and personality first, then we craft the character’s choices based on those facts. But in nonfiction, we know the actions the real-life characters took, but not necessarily their inner motivations.

Examine the character’s actions and then decide what kind of person would make that choice. In a way, it’s backward character development. This is where putting your characters on a therapy couch comes in handy.

Similarly, the choices the writer makes determine a good story. That’s even truer with adaptation.

MOVIE STRUCTURE

Just as if the story were an original idea, the story structure of an adaptation needs to meet the expectations of the audience and the studio. (We have free downloads on scriptmag.com/free to help.)

Map out the plot points and character arc, but keep in mind that you don’t need to follow the original order of the novel. In order to speed up storytelling or make it more compelling for film audiences, you might need to add scenes to support the visual story and increase tension and conflict.

Perhaps you’ll decide to tell the story from a different character’s point of view. Take Charlie Kaufman’s Adaptation, for example. While Susan Orlean wrote a compelling true story in The Orchid Thief, Kaufman put an entirely different twist on this tale and moved the audience in a way they would have never expected, had they read the original book. Genius.

DIALOGUE AND DESCRIPTORS

If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it. But sometimes the original dialogue may be too on the nose or the descriptors flowery and overabundant. If the author writes gifted dialogue, don’t reinvent the wheel. However, most scene descriptions written by novelists are too verbose and need to be tightened. As a general rule, keep descriptors to no more than four lines.

Because film is a visual medium, all internal character dialogue must be cut. Screenwriters must only write what can be seen on the screen. Finding ways to externally convey a character’s internal struggles defines a successful adaptation. Yes, The Shawshank Redemption uses voiceover, but you cannot. We’ll address voiceovers another day.

ENDING

The ending of the book may not be the most satisfying ending for a film audience. I’ve certainly scratched my head a time or two because of a disappointing ending. The good news is that you can rewrite it.

Did I hear you gasp?

Yes, you can change something as significant as the ending, but only if you have discovered a more cinematic and compelling one. While an alternate ending might enrage the book’s author or readers, the fact is, films are not novels. Changes, sometimes major ones, happen.

Remember, the number-one rule: Tell an amazing story.

Adaptation creates a fine balance of crafting a new story from an original one, all while respecting the author, the reader, and the filmgoers. It’s one hell of a circus act, but a version of screenwriting I urge you to try.

Managers and agents want screenwriters who know how to adapt intellectual property. Be proactive and have one in your arsenal. Pick a public-domain classic, with no need to garner an author’s permission, and then practice. The exercise isn’t necessarily to sell it, but to prove you can write like a pro.

Above all, enjoy the process of remolding a well-told story into your own.

That goes for you, too, authors. Not only will dissecting your characters and plot enrich your original story, but producers also strive to save money by having both the book rights and a script in hand. You never know … Netflix might come calling. You better be ready.

1. Your Movie's Point of View

   Identify all the main characters in your novel. How many of them are absolutely essential to the central theme of your story and how many can you exclude? You should even consider combining two or more of them to create a new, more compelling character that will suit the on-screen, visual interpretation of your story. Refer to your original notes from when you started conceptualizing your story and developing your characters. Remember, you are going to have to reduce your entire story into about 100 pages, so think about which characters and characteristics are essential. Which one of your characters would win the coveted award for Best Actor in a Leading Role?

2. Lights, Camera, ACTION!

   Action is the operative word here. Movies are more focused on action, so identify these key scenes in your book. These scenes will be imperative to moving your storyline along, so you may need to flesh them out by adding more visual descriptions of what is going on. Remember, in screenwriting, your audience will only be able to see what is going on without the benefit of a narrative explanation.

3. There's a Reason They Call Them "Talkies"

   Dialogue drives a movie between action sequences. Identify the key conversations between your characters that will hold the viewer’s interest until the next frenzied fight scene, exploding building, or car crash that lies in store. Highlight any powerful phrases or catchy one-liners that might become a character’ trademark or could even be used as the movie’s tagline.

4. The Opening Scene

   You will not be able to provide as much background to your story as you did in your book. The opening scene of your screenplay might, therefore, commence at a different point in your story than the first chapter of your book. Your choice of character will also make an impact on your starting point.
   The first ten pages of your screenplay are the most crucial; you have to grab the audience's attention immediately.

5. Formatting

   Presenting your screenplay in a professional manner that conforms to standard industry formatting is essential. A screenplay obviously differs greatly in appearance from a book. Remember here that less is more. Descriptions and dialogue must be boiled down to the absolute essentials. The editing process can be brutal.
   Take the movie classic The Maltese Falcon as an example. The screenplay was adapted from the great Dashiell Hammett's novel of the same name. Compare the original literary version to the version revised for its movie script.